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A 3D reconstruction of an upper limb venogram, whether of the right, left, or both limbs, offers an in-depth visualization of the venous system draining blood from the hand, forearm, and arm back toward the heart. This model typically begins with the superficial veins of the hand, such as the dorsal venous network, which coalesce into the cephalic vein laterally and the basilic vein medially. These prominent superficial veins are depicted running along the forearm, with the cephalic vein coursing along the radial side and the basilic vein along the ulnar side, often connected by the median cubital vein at the elbow—a common site for venipuncture. The reconstruction then transitions to the deeper venous system, showcasing the paired radial and ulnar veins that accompany their arterial counterparts, merging into the brachial veins in the upper arm. These brachial veins are illustrated joining the axillary vein, which continues as the subclavian vein as it passes beneath the clavicle, eventually draining into the superior vena cava. Smaller tributaries, such as the interosseous veins and perforating veins linking the superficial and deep systems, are also visible, highlighting the complex network that ensures efficient venous return. This 3D venogram emphasizes the veins’ varying calibers, valves, and potential points of obstruction, providing critical information for diagnosing conditions like deep vein thrombosis, venous insufficiency, or compression syndromes such as thoracic outlet syndrome. The detailed rendering supports clinical applications, including catheter placement or surgical planning, by revealing the upper limb’s venous anatomy in a clear, spatially accurate manner.
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