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A 3D reconstruction of the shoulder with the scapula offers a comprehensive view of the upper limb’s connection to the axial skeleton, focusing on the interplay between the scapula and the shoulder joint. This model prominently features the scapula, or shoulder blade, a flat, triangular bone that forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle, articulating with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. The reconstruction showcases the scapula’s key landmarks, including the acromion, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity, the latter serving as the shallow socket for the humeral head. The humerus itself is depicted with its rounded head fitting into the glenoid, surrounded by the labrum, a ring of cartilage that deepens the socket and enhances stability. The joint capsule, reinforced by ligaments like the coracohumeral and glenohumeral ligaments, is visible, illustrating the structural support that balances mobility and strength. The rotator cuff muscles—supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis—wrap around the joint, their tendons blending into the capsule to provide active stabilization and facilitate movements such as rotation and abduction. This 3D view also highlights the subacromial bursa and articular cartilage, which reduce friction and absorb shock during motion. By including the scapula, the reconstruction emphasizes its critical role in shoulder mechanics, serving as an anchor for muscle attachments and enabling the arm’s extensive range of motion, while also revealing the anatomical basis for conditions like impingement or scapular dyskinesis.
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