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A 3D reconstruction of the foot and toes, whether for the right, left, or both, presents a comprehensive view of the intricate anatomical structure that supports body weight, facilitates locomotion, and maintains balance. This model encompasses the 26 bones of the foot, divided into three regions: the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. The hindfoot features the calcaneus, forming the heel, and the talus, which articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. The midfoot includes the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, and lateral), which create the foot’s arches—longitudinal and transverse—providing structural resilience and flexibility. The forefoot comprises the five metatarsals, long bones that extend toward the toes, and the 14 phalanges: two in the hallux (big toe) and three in each of the lesser toes (proximal, middle, and distal). The reconstruction highlights the joints, such as the tarsometatarsal and metatarsophalangeal joints, allowing toe flexion, extension, and slight abduction. Surrounding these bones, the plantar fascia, a thick fibrous band, is visible supporting the arches, while muscles like the flexor digitorum brevis and abductor hallucis outline the foot’s layered musculature for movement and stability. Ligaments, including the spring ligament and long plantar ligament, reinforce the arches, and the skin and subcutaneous tissue encase the structure. The toes’ distal phalanges, with their nail beds, emphasize their role in grip and balance. This 3D view underscores the foot’s biomechanical complexity, revealing its susceptibility to conditions like bunions, plantar fasciitis, or toe deformities, making it essential for anatomical study, clinical diagnosis, and treatment planning.
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