A Barium Meal or Barium Swallow is a specialized X-ray examination used to visualize the structure and function of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum). In this procedure, the patient is asked to drink a liquid containing barium sulfate, a radiopaque contrast medium that coats the inner lining of the GI tract. Barium appears white on X-ray images, providing clear contrast against the surrounding tissues. Once ingested, a series of X-rays or fluoroscopic images are taken in real-time to track the movement of barium through the upper digestive system. This helps in identifying structural abnormalities, motility disorders, ulcers, tumors, or narrowing (strictures) of the esophagus or stomach. The patient may be positioned in various ways—upright, lying down, or rotating—to allow comprehensive imaging. The barium swallow typically focuses more on the esophagus, while the barium meal extends into the stomach and duodenum. This procedure is non-invasive, quick, and widely used in diagnosing causes of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), acid reflux, hiatal hernia, or upper abdominal pain. However, it is not suitable for patients suspected of gastrointestinal perforation or severe constipation, and hydration is encouraged afterward to aid in clearing the barium from the body.

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